aromatherapy - basic information

Aromatherapy is a field of natural medicine that uses essential oils to improve mental and physical health. Its origins date back to ancient civilizations, where fragrant plant substances were used for medicinal and ritual purposes. Modern aromatherapy is based on scientific research and traditional knowledge of the properties of plants. The purpose of this article is to present the basics of aromatherapy and its applications in various aspects of health and beauty, as well as to discuss selected essential oils from Asia.

What is Aromatherapy?

Definition of aromatherapy

Aromatherapy is a form of complementary therapy that uses natural essential oils to improve well-being and health. These oils are extracted from various parts of plants, such as flowers, leaves, bark and roots, and have a variety of therapeutic properties. Their effects include both the nervous system and the physiology of the body, and their effectiveness has been confirmed by numerous scientific studies.

History

The first mentions of aromatherapy come from ancient Egypt, where oils were used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. In ancient India and China, oils were an integral part of Ayurvedic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. The Greeks and Romans also used aromatic substances for baths, massages and treatment of diseases. In the Middle Ages, essential oils were widely used in Europe for disinfecting rooms and treating infectious diseases.

The development of modern aromatherapy

René-Maurice Gattefossé, a French chemist, introduced the term "aromatherapy" in 1937 after discovering the healing properties of lavender oil, which accelerated the healing of his burns. From that moment on, aromatherapy began to develop as a science and found application in natural medicine. Modern aromatherapy combines chemical, biological and pharmacological research, which allows for a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of essential oils.

Aromatherapy Basics

Essential Oils

Essential oils are natural, volatile fragrance substances obtained from various parts of plants, such as leaves, flowers, bark, stems, seeds, or roots. They are highly concentrated extracts that contain unique chemical compounds responsible for their characteristic scent and therapeutic properties. Essential oils are widely used in aromatherapy, cosmetics, natural medicine, and the perfume and food industries. Essential oils contain chemical compounds such as terpenes, phenols, and esters that have antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects.

If you are curious about how essential oils are made, we explain below.

There are several methods for extracting essential oils, and the choice of the appropriate technique depends on the type of plant and the desired properties of the final product. The most commonly used methods include:

1. Steam distillation – the most popular method, which involves passing hot steam through plant material. The steam releases the oil, which is then condensed and separated from the water. This technique is used, among others, to obtain lavender, peppermint or eucalyptus oil.
2. Cold pressing – used mainly for citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons and grapefruits. Oils are extracted by mechanically squeezing the peel of the fruit without using high temperatures, which preserves their freshness and aroma intensity.
3. Solvent extraction – used for plants that are difficult to extract oil from traditionally. The plant material is treated with organic solvents (e.g. ethanol) that dissolve the oil and then evaporated, leaving a concentrated extract. This method is often used to extract oils from jasmine or rose.
4. Enfleurage – a historical method used to extract oils from delicate flowers such as jasmine or tuberose. It involves the absorption of fragrances by vegetable or animal fats, which are then separated from the oil.

Raw materials in aromatherapy

Hydrolates, macerates and carrier oils are key raw materials in aromatherapy and natural care. Each of these products has its own unique properties and applications, and their proper selection allows you to create effective and safe blends for body care and aromatherapy.

Hydrolates

Hydrolates, also known as floral waters, are by-products of steam distillation of essential oils. They contain small amounts of essential oils and valuable plant compounds soluble in water. As a result, they have a gentle care effect and are safe to use without dilution.

Hydrolates have toning, moisturizing and soothing properties, which makes them an excellent ingredient in natural cosmetics. They can be used as:

• Facial tonics – refresh the skin, restore its natural pH and prepare it for further care.
• Bases for masks and DIY cosmetics – mixed with e.g. cosmetic clays or aloe gels.
• Natural body and hair mists – refresh and moisturize the skin and hair.

Examples of popular hydrolates include rose hydrolate , which soothes and moisturizes dry and mature skin, lavender hydrolate , ideal for oily and acne-prone skin, and chamomile hydrolate , which has anti-inflammatory and soothing properties.

Macerates

Macerates are vegetable oils in which plant parts (flowers, leaves, roots) are macerated for a longer period of time. This process allows for the extraction of valuable active ingredients, which then enrich the properties of the base oil.

Macerates are rich in antioxidants, vitamins and fatty acids, which is why they are used in skin and hair care. Depending on the plant used, they can have different effects:

• Calendula macerate – has anti-inflammatory and soothing properties, ideal for sensitive and irritated skin.
• St. John's wort macerate – has regenerative and analgesic effects, but remember that it is photosensitizing and should not be used before exposure to the sun.
• Carrot macerate – rich in beta-carotene, improves skin tone and gives it a healthy glow.

Macerates are a great ingredient in massage oils, creams and balms, and can also be used on their own as natural cosmetics for body and hair care.

Carrier oils

Carrier oils are natural plant oils used to dilute essential oils before applying them to the skin. Because essential oils are so concentrated, using them undiluted can lead to irritation. Carrier oils not only help to soften the effects of essential oils, but also have skincare properties of their own.

The most popular carrier oils are:

• Jojoba oil – a light, easily absorbed oil with a structure similar to the sebum of human skin, thanks to which it perfectly moisturizes and regulates sebum secretion.
• Coconut oil – rich in fatty acids, has moisturizing, smoothing and antibacterial properties, often used in hair and body care.
• Almond oil – delicate, suitable for sensitive and children's skin, has a regenerating and nourishing effect.
• Grape seed oil – light, quickly absorbed and does not clog pores, recommended for oily and combination skin.

Carrier oils can be used on their own as skin and hair care cosmetics or as a base for massages, balms and home cosmetics.

Application methods in aromatherapy

Aromatherapy, as a field that uses volatile plant compounds to improve physical and mental health, offers a variety of ways to apply essential oils. The choice of the appropriate method depends on both individual therapeutic needs and the properties of a specific essential oil. Among the most commonly used techniques are inhalation and massage , which are characterized by different mechanisms of action and effectiveness depending on the application.

Inhalation – introducing essential oils into the body through the respiratory system

One of the basic ways of using essential oils in aromatherapy is inhalation , which is the process of inhaling volatile active substances. This mechanism allows the molecules of essential oils to quickly penetrate the respiratory system and bloodstream, resulting in their almost immediate action. Inhalation affects both the respiratory system and the nervous system, thanks to which it is used in the treatment of respiratory infections, relieving stress and improving concentration.

There are several methods of inhalation:

• Ultrasonic diffusers – devices that disperse essential oils in the form of microscopic water particles, which enables effective air humidification and gentle inhalation. They are commonly used in relaxation therapy and health prevention.
• Aroma burners – a classic method of heating essential oils with a candle. The heat releases volatile substances that spread into the air, creating an atmosphere conducive to relaxation and relief.
• Personal inhalers – portable devices, often in the form of sticks or masks, enabling direct inhalation of concentrated essential oils. They are mainly used to relieve symptoms of colds, allergies and to improve mental well-being.

Inhalation is considered one of the safest methods of using essential oils, but it requires following the recommendations regarding concentrations and exposure time to avoid possible side effects, such as irritation of mucous membranes or allergic reactions.

Aromatherapy massage - transdermal absorption of active substances

Another effective method of applying essential oils is their use in the form of aromatherapy massage . Unlike inhalation, in which oils are introduced into the body through the respiratory tract, massage uses transdermal penetration of active substances through the skin. This allows for not only a local therapeutic effect, but also a systemic effect on the body.

Aromatherapy massages are performed using essential oils diluted in base oils such as almond, jojoba or coconut oil. Vegetable fats act as a carrier, facilitating the absorption of oils and preventing skin irritation.

Aromatherapy massage therapy has a wide range of effects, including:

• Reduction of muscle tension – oils with warming and analgesic effects, such as eucalyptus or rosemary oil, support muscle regeneration and relieve pain.
• Improving blood and lymph circulation – massage with the addition of citrus or ginger oils stimulates the circulatory system, helping to eliminate toxins and improve the condition of the skin.
• Relaxation and stress reduction effects – lavender, ylang-ylang and bergamot oils affect the nervous system, supporting relaxation and improving the quality of sleep.

Due to their versatile properties, aromatherapy massages are used both in relaxation therapies and in the treatment of pain, sleep disorders and dermatological problems.

Asian Oils and Their Uses

Jasmine oil - relaxation and stress reduction

Jasmine oil is obtained from Jasminum officinale flowers and comes mainly from India and Thailand. It is characterized by an intense, floral scent that has been used in perfumery and traditional medicine for centuries.

Aromatherapeutic properties:

• Calming and anti-anxiety effects – studies show that jasmine oil can lower cortisol levels (a stress hormone), helping to reduce tension and anxiety ( Seifritz et al., 2010 ).
• Antidepressant effect – according to research by Hongratanaworakit (2009), inhalation of jasmine oil increases brain activity and improves mood, which may be helpful in treating depression.
• Aphrodisiac properties – its exotic scent stimulates the senses and may increase libido.

Jasmine essential oil is often used in relaxing massages, aromatherapy baths and as a natural remedy to improve the quality of sleep.

Sandalwood Oil - Harmony and Skin Care

Sandalwood ( Santalum album ) comes primarily from India and has been used for centuries in meditation rituals and body care. Sandalwood oil has a warm, woody aroma that promotes relaxation and inner peace.

Aromatherapeutic properties:

• Relaxation and meditation effects – sandalwood oil increases the serotonin level in the brain, which promotes relaxation and improved well-being ( Setzer, 2009 ).
• Anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties – it is effective in treating acne and skin irritations, as confirmed by clinical studies on the dermatological applications of sandalwood oil ( Burdock & Carabin, 2008 ).
• Soothing effect in states of nervous tension – used in aromatherapy, it helps in the treatment of insomnia and anxiety.

Its valuable properties make it a popular ingredient in anti-aging cosmetics and massage oils.

Rose oil - antioxidant and mood improvement

Rose oil comes mainly from Bulgaria, Turkey and some regions of China. It is distilled from the petals of Rosa damascena , and to obtain 1 kg of oil, it takes 4 tons of flowers , making it one of the most expensive oils in the world.

Aromatherapeutic properties:

• Strong antioxidant effect – rose oil contains phenolic compounds that protect the skin against oxidative stress and aging ( Nassiri-Asl & Hosseinzadeh, 2016 ).
• Antidepressant and mood-enhancing effects – studies confirm that inhalation of rose oil helps reduce symptoms of depression and improves serotonin levels ( Conrad & Adams, 2014 ).
• Relieves nervous tension – used in aromatherapy, it helps lower blood pressure and reduces the symptoms of stress.

Due to its properties, rose oil is often used in perfumery, cosmetology and relaxation therapy.

Lemongrass Oil – The Antibacterial Power of Nature

Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) is native to Southeast Asia and is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine. Lemongrass oil has a fresh, citrus scent with stimulating and cleansing properties.

Aromatherapeutic properties:

• Strong antibacterial and antifungal effects – numerous studies have shown that this oil effectively inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi, including Staphylococcus aureus ( Shah et al., 2011 ).
• Refreshing and energizing properties – improves concentration, reduces fatigue and has a stimulating effect.
• Supports the treatment of respiratory infections – inhalation of lemongrass oil can alleviate the symptoms of colds and flu.

It is widely used in aromatherapy, natural cleaning products and cleansing cosmetics.

Ginger oil - support for the muscular and digestive systems

Ginger essential oil ( Zingiber officinale ) is valued for its analgesic and warming properties.

Aromatherapeutic properties:

• Relieves muscle and joint pain – when applied topically, it helps reduce inflammation and reduces muscle tension.
• Digestive Support – Ginger oil stimulates the secretion of digestive juices, which can help relieve bloating and indigestion.

Ylang-ylang oil – deep relaxation and improved well-being

Ylang-ylang essential oil comes from the flowers of Cananga odorata and is commonly used in aromatherapy for its relaxing properties.

Aromatherapeutic properties:

• Calming and antidepressant effects – studies have shown that this oil can lower blood pressure and have a relaxing effect on the nervous system ( Hongratanaworakit, 2011 ).
• Mood improvement and stress reduction – the intense, floral scent affects the production of serotonin and helps fight anxiety.

It is used in relaxing massages, aromatherapy baths and as an ingredient in exotic perfumes.

Does Aromatherapy Help with Depression?

Aromatherapy can be an effective complement to traditional treatments for depression, although it should not be used as the sole form of therapy. Essential oils used in aromatherapy can help alleviate symptoms of depression, such as stress, anxiety, and sleep disorders, by stimulating the nervous system and influencing mood.

Mood Effects : Essential oils like lavender, bergamot, and geranium can improve mood and reduce stress. Their scents stimulate the release of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, which are important for regulating mood.

Improve Sleep Quality : Aromatherapy can help regulate sleep, which is important in treating depression. Lavender oil, for example, has been shown to have a beneficial effect on sleep quality.

Anxiety Reduction : Essential oils like bergamot and lavender can help reduce the anxiety and stress that often accompany depression.

Best Essential Oils for Depression

• Lavender Oil : Soothes nerves, helps reduce stress and anxiety, and improves sleep.
• Bergamot Oil : Energizes and improves mood, reducing stress and anxiety.
• Geranium Oil : Helps regulate emotions and improve mood.
• Peppermint Oil : Stimulates and refreshes, helping to improve concentration and energy.

In conclusion, aromatherapy can be a valuable support in the treatment of depression, but it should not replace professional medical help.

Can aromatherapy be combined with pharmacology?

Aromatherapy can be used in conjunction with pharmacology as a complement to traditional treatments. Essential oils used in aromatherapy can aid in treating a variety of conditions, such as pain, stress, and anxiety, and improve the patient's overall well-being. However, it is important to use aromatherapy under the care of a qualified professional, especially for those taking medications or having chronic illnesses.

Benefits of Combining Aromatherapy with Pharmacology

Aromatherapy can increase the effectiveness of some medications. For example, essential oils can enhance the effects of antibiotics. In addition, using aromatherapy can help reduce the unwanted side effects of medications, such as stress or insomnia. Aromatherapy can improve the mood and overall well-being of the patient, which is important in the treatment of mental and physical illnesses.

Before starting aromatherapy, especially in combination with medications, consult your doctor or pharmacist. Choose high-quality oils and dilute them appropriately to avoid allergic reactions. Aromatherapy can be effectively combined with other treatments, such as psychotherapy or physiotherapy.

In summary, aromatherapy can be an effective complement to pharmacology, but requires appropriate knowledge and specialist care.

What are the most common side effects of aromatherapy?

Despite the numerous health benefits of aromatherapy, improper use of essential oils can lead to a variety of side effects, including skin reactions, neurological disorders, hormonal problems, and organ toxicity . It is crucial to use oils as directed, avoid consuming them without professional supervision, and conduct allergy testing before applying to the skin. Knowledge of potential side effects allows you to use aromatherapy safely and maximize its positive impact on your health.

Allergic reactions and skin irritations

Symptoms include rash, itching, redness and swelling of the skin.

Allergic reactions and skin irritations are the most common side effects associated with topical use of essential oils. According to studies by Rastogi et al. (2001) and Opdyke (1974), some components of essential oils, such as limonene and linalool, may cause contact reactions in people with hypersensitivity. Furthermore, using oils without prior dilution in carrier oils increases the risk of irritation. It is recommended to perform a skin allergy test before first use.

Photosensitivity

Symptoms include skin irritation, redness and sunburn.

Some essential oils contain photosensitizing compounds that can cause adverse skin reactions when exposed to UV light. Bergamot, lemon, and grapefruit oils in particular contain furanocoumarins, which increase skin sensitivity to sunlight (Durling et al., 2007). People using these oils should avoid sun exposure for at least 12 hours after application.

Digestive problems

Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

Consumption of essential oils, although promoted in some natural medicine, can lead to serious gastrointestinal problems. Studies conducted by Tisserand & Young (2014) indicate that rosemary, peppermint and eucalyptus oils can irritate the gastric mucosa and, in larger doses, cause toxicity of the digestive system. Oral use of oils should only be done under the supervision of specialists.

Seizures and neurological problems

Symptoms include seizures, dizziness and disorientation.

Some essential oils contain neurotoxic compounds that can cause neurological reactions, especially in people with a predisposition to epilepsy. Oils such as camphor, eucalyptus, and sage contain monoterpene ketones, which in large doses can be neurotoxic (Baibars et al., 2018). Studies by Gabilondo et al. (2000) have shown that excessive use of thujone-rich oils can lead to a lowered seizure threshold.

Hormonal problems

Symptoms include menstrual cycle disturbances and excessive stimulation or weakening of hormonal functions.

Some essential oils have estrogen-like effects, meaning they can affect the body's hormonal system. Examples include lavender oil and tea tree oil, which, according to Henley et al. (2007), have been shown to disrupt estrogen receptors. The study found that using these oils in prepubescent boys can lead to gynecomastia (enlargement of the mammary glands). As a result, people with hormone-dependent conditions such as breast cancer or endometriosis should avoid excessive use.

Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity

Symptoms include symptoms of liver damage (e.g. jaundice) and symptoms of kidney damage

Long-term use of some essential oils can lead to liver and kidney toxicity. Oils containing phenols such as thymol, eugenol, and carvacrol have been shown to be hepatotoxic with long-term use (Brunton et al., 2006). Animal studies have shown that excessive exposure to cinnamon and clove oil can increase markers of liver damage. People with liver and kidney disease should use these oils with caution.

To avoid these side effects, it is important to use essential oils as directed, diluting them in a carrier oil and conducting allergy testing before first use.

Bibliography:

Baibars, M., Joubert, O., & Dupont, C. (2018). Neurotoxic effects of essential oils. Toxicology Letters , 295, 65-72.

Tisserand, R., & Young, R. (2014). Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals . Churchill Livingstone.

Henley, D. V., Lipson, N., Korach, K. S., & Bloch, C. A. (2007). Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. The New England Journal of Medicine , 356(5), 479-485.

Durling, N. E., Catchpole, O. J., Gray, J. B., Webby, R. F., Mitchell, K. A., Foo, L. Y., & Perry, N. B. (2007). Extraction of phenolic compounds from plant material using supercritical CO2. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids , 42(3), 256-264.